Rail-to-Rail Op AmpsAMSC/TAMURail-to-Rail Op AmpsEdgar Sánchez-Sinencio TAMU, AMSCThanks to Shouli Yan for his valuable input in helping in generating part of this material 1Op Amp ConfigurationsThere are the following Op Amp Configurations, (a) inverting configuration, (b) non-inverting configuration, (c) voltage follower ( or voltage buffer, a special case of (b)), (d) fully-differential configuration, (e) fully-differential to single-ended conversionR2 R1vI vOR1 R2vOvIvOvI(a)(b)R2(c)vI+ R1 vI- R1R2vOR2vI- R1vOR2vO+ v I+ R1(d)(e)2Why Rail-to-Rail Differential Input Stage? The input and output swing requirementsConfiguration Inverting Non-inverting Voltage follower Fully Differential FD to SE Figure (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Input common mode voltage swing ≈0 R1/(……