1. Why Call EMI Filters Black Magic?

1.1 A Standard Filter Company Contrasted with an EMI Company 1

1.2 Power Density Spectrum or Envelope 2

1.3 Power Transfer 3

1.4 Specifications: Real World or Imagined 3

2. Source Impedances of Various Power Lines 9

2.1 Skin Effect 10

2.2 Applying Transmission-Line Concepts and Impedances 12

2.3 Applying Transmission-Line Impedances to Differential and Common Modes 14

2.4 Differences Among Power-Line Measurements 15

2.5 Simple Methods of Measuring AC and DC Power Lines 15

3. Various AC Load Impedances 23

3.1 Resistive Load 23

3.2 Off-Line Regulator with Capacitive Load 23

3.3 Off-Line Regulator with Inductor Ahead of the Capacitor 29

3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuit and Coil 30

4. The DC Circuit-Load and Source

4.1 Various Source Impedances 35

4.2 Switcher Load 36

4.3 DC Circuit EMI Solutions or Recommendations 38

4.4 Lossey Components 40

4.5 Radiation Emissions 41

5. Typical EMI Filters: Pros and Cons 42

5.1 The p Filter 42

5.2 T Filter

5.3 L Filter 47

5.4 Typical Commercial Filter 49

5.5 Dissipative Filter 50

5.6 Cauer Filter 51

5.7 The R-C Shunt 52

5.8 Conventional Filters 55

5.9 Filter Matrix for Line and Load Conditions 55

6.Differential Mode Components

6.1 Capacitor Construction and Self-Resonant Frequency 56

6.2 Capacitor Design 59

6.3 Inductor Construction and SRF 70

6.4 Inductor Design 75

6.5 Convert from Balanced to Unbalanced or the Reverse 77

7. Common Mode Components 79

7.1 Capacitor to Ground 79

7.2 Z for Zorro 80

7.3 Converting Common Mode to a Differential Mode Filter 81

7.4 Equation for the Common Mode via the Differential Mode of Section 7.3 85

7.5 Common Mode Inductor Used for Differential Mode 90

7.6 Other Wave Shapes 91

8. Electromagnetic Pulse and Voltage Transients 92

8.1 The Three Theories 96

8.2 Location of the Arrester 99

8.3 How to Calculate the Arrester 99

9. What Compromises the Filter?

9.1 Two or More Filters in Cascade 101

9.2 Poor Filter Grounding 102

9.3 The \"Floating\" Filter 103

9.4 Unknown Capacitor in the Following Equipment 105

9.5 The Input and Output Too Close Together 105

9.6 Gaskets 106

10. Waves as Noise Sources 108

10.1 The Spike Wave 108

10.2 The Pulse Wave 110

10.3 The Trapezoid Wave 110

10.4 The Quasi-Square Wave 111

10.5 Why Differentiate? 113

10.6 The Power Spectrum 114

11. Study of the Off-Line Regulator 116

11.1 With or Without Critical Value of Inductance: Size and Weight Differences of Filters 116

11.2 The Added Power Line Harmonic Content Caused by the Off-Line Regulator 125

12. Initial Filter Design Requirements

12.1 Differential Mode Design Goals 127

12.2 Common Mode Design Goals 129

12.3 Estimate of Common Mode Load Impedance 129

13. Review of A Matrices 134

13.1 Chain Matrix A: Transfer Functions 134

13.2 Review of A Matrices 136

14. Filter Design Techniques

14.1 The Unit Matrix 145

14.2 The RS Matrix 146

14.3 The LINESIM Matrix 147

14.4 The LISN Matrix 148

14.5 The DIN and DOUT Matrices 153

14.6 The RCSHU Matrix 155

14.7 The Series Inductor LSER and the Shunt Capacitor CSHU 157

14.8 The L Matrix 158

14.9 The p Matrix 160

14.10 The T Matrix 161

14.11 The Cauer Matrix or Elliptical Filter 162

15. Matrix Applications 165

15.1 The Single-Phase AC Filter 166

15.2 The Three-Phase Filter 169

15.3 The DC-to-DC Filter 176

15.4 Low-Current Filters 177

15.5 F0 the Easy Way 178

15.6 Remote High-Voltage Supply Fed from a Local DC Power Supply 183

16. Applications Using Round or Square Conducting Rods

16.1 Very High Current Filters 187

16.2 High-Current Second Method 204

16.3 High-Current Method 3 210

16.4 Review of High-Current Filters 212

17. Packaging Information 216

17.1 Layout 216

17.2 Estimated Volume 219

17.3 Volume-Weight Ratio 222

18. Questionable Designs 223

18.1 28 V at 35 A 223

18.2 60 Hz and 120 V with Transorbs 224

18.3 The 28 V DC Filter 227

18.4 120 V AC 400 Hz 227

18.5 Review 228

19. Review of Filter Design 229

19.1 Filter Design Review 229

19.2 Filters in Tandem 233

19.3 Q 236

Glossary 239

Index 249