Contents

Preface vii

1. The Problem of Video Compression 1

1.1 Overview of Video Compression Techniques 3

1.2 Applications of Compressed Video 6

1.3 Image and Video Formats 8

1.4 Overview of the Book 12

2. The MPEG Video Compression Standard 15

2.1 MPEG Encoder and Decoder 15

2.2 MPEG Data Stream 18

3. The H.261/H.263 Compression Standard for Video Telecommunications 23

3.1 Picture Formats for H.261/H.263 Video Codecs 24

3.2 H.261/H.263 Video Encoder 25

3.3 H.261/H.263 Video Decoder 28

4. The XYZ Video Compression Algorithm 29

4.1 XYZ Compression Algorithm 29

4.2 XYZ Decompression Algorithm 32

5. The Discrete Cosine Transform 37

5.1 Behavior of the DCT 37

5.2 Fast One-dimensional DCT Algorithms 40

5.3 Two-dimensional DCT Algorithms 47

5.4 Inverse DCT Algorithms 50

Page vi

5.5 Three-dimensional DCT Algorithms 51

6. Quantization 57

6.1 Defining an Invariant Measure of Error 58

6.2 Calculation of Transform Variances 62

6.3 Generating Quantizer Factors 65

6.4 Adding Human Visual Factors 67

7. Entropy Coding 73

7.1 Huffman Coding 73

7.2 Use of Entropy Coding in JPEG and MPEG 76

7.3 Adaptive Huffman Coding 78

8. VLSI Architectures of the XYZ Video Codec 83

8.1 Complexity of the Video Compression Algorithms 83

8.2 From Algorithms to VLSI Architectures 86

8.3 Classification of Video Codec VLSI Architectures 87

8.4 Implementation of the XYZ Video Compression Algorithm 90

8.5 Adaptive XYZ Codec Using Mesh Architecture 103

8.6 XYZ Codec Based on Fast 3D DCT Coprocessor 111

9. Experimental Results Using XYZ Compression 123

9.1 PC Implementation 124

9.2 MasPar Implementation 138

9.3 Non-adaptive XYZ Compression 144

10. Conclusion 151

Bibliography 155

Index 163