Embedded Controller

Hardware Design

by Ken Arnold

Table of Contents

Preface ix

Chapter One Review of Electronics Fundamentals......................1

Objectives.......................................................................2

Embedded Microcomputer Applications.........................2

Microcomputer and Microcontroller Architectures..........4

Digital Hardware Concepts..............................................6

Logic Symbols...............................................................17

Timing Diagrams...........................................................19

Multiplexed Bus............................................................20

Loading and Noise Margin Analysis...............................21

The Design and Development Process...........................21

Chapter One Problems..................................................22

Chapter Two Microcontroller Concepts....................................23

Organization: von Neumann vs. Harvard......................24

Microprocessor/Microcontroller Basics.........................24

The 8051 Family Microcontroller

Processor Architecture..............................................27

The 8051 Family Microcontroller

Instruction Set Summary..........................................42

Chapter Two Problems.................................................56

Chapter Three Worst-Case Timing, Loading,

Analysis, and Design............................................57

Timing Diagram Notation Conventions........................58

Fan-Out and Loading Analysis—DC and AC................63

Logic Family IC Characteristics and Interfacing............75

Design Example: Noise Margin Analysis Spreadsheet....82

Worst-Case Timing Analysis Example...........................90

Chapter Three Review Problems...................................92

Chapter Four Memory Technologies and Interfacing................95

Memory Taxonomy......................................................96

Read/Write Memories.................................................100

Read-Only Memory....................................................101

Other Memory Types..................................................104

JEDEC Memory Pin-Outs...........................................105

Device Programmers...................................................106

Memory Organization Considerations.........................107

Parametric Considerations..........................................109

Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Memory.....................110

Error Detection and Correction...................................111

Memory Management.................................................113

Chapter Four Problems...............................................115

Chapter Five CPU Bus Interface and Timing.......................,....117

Read and Write Operations...................................,.....117

Address, Data, and Control Buses..................,.............118

Address Spaces and Decoding..........................,...........120

Chapter Five Problems.....................................,..........124

Chapter Six A Detailed Design Example................................125

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)............................125

External Data Memory Cycles.....................................134

Design Problem 1.......................................................138

Design Problem 2.......................................................139

Design Problem 3.......................................................140

Chapter Six Problems.................................................143

Chapter Seven Programmable Logic Devices.............................145

Introduction to Programmable Logic...........................147

Design Examples.........................................................153

Simple I/O Decoding and Interfacing Using PLDs........157

IC Design Using PCs........................................................157

Chapter Seven Problems..............................................159

Chapter Eight Basic I/O Interfaces................................................161

Direct CPU I/O Interfacing..........................................161

Simple Input/Output Devices......................................169

Program-Controlled I/O Bus Interfacing......................173

Direct Memory Access (DMA)....................................175

Elementary I/O Devices and Applications....................178

Chapter Eight Problems..............................................181

Chapter Nine Other Interfaces and Bus Cycles.........................183

Interrupt Cycles..........................................................184

Software Interrupts.....................................................184

Hardware Interrupts...................................................184

Chapter Ten Other Useful Stuff..............................................197

Construction Methods................................................197

Electromagnetic Compatibility...................................199

Electrostatic Discharge Effects....................................199

Fault Tolerance..........................................................200

Hardware Development Tools.....................................201

Software Development Tools......................................203

Other Specialized Design Considerations...................203

Processor Performance Metrics..................................206

Device Selection Process............................................207

Chapter Eleven Other Interfaces................................................209

Analog Signal Conversion..........................................210

Special Proprietary Synchronous Serial Interfaces.......211

Unconventional Use of DRAM for Low Cost

Data Storage...........................................................211

Digital Signal Processing/Digital Audio Recording......212

Appendix A Hardware Design Checklist................................215

Appendix B References, Web Links, and Other Sources........225

Index.........................................................................229