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uboot环境变量与内核MTD分区关系

2024-08-30 来源:cnblogs

分区只是内核的概念,就是说A~B地址放内核,C~D地址放文件系统,(也就是规定哪个地址区间放内核或者文件系统)等等。


1:在内核MTD中可以定义分区A~B,C~D。。。。。。并予以绝对的地址赋值给每个分区。我们可以来看看在内核中是怎样来对MTD进行分区的:archarmplat-s3c24xxcommon-smdk.c


static struct mtd_partition smdk_default_nand_part[] = {

 [0] = {

  .name = 'Boot',

  .size = SZ_16K,

  .offset = 0,

 },

 [1] = {

  .name = 'S3C2410 flash partition 1',

  .offset = 0,

  .size = SZ_2M,

 },

 [2] = {

  .name = 'S3C2410 flash partition 2',

  .offset = SZ_4M,

  .size = SZ_4M,

 },

 [3] = {

  .name = 'S3C2410 flash partition 3',

  .offset = SZ_8M,

  .size = SZ_2M,

 },

 [4] = {

  .name = 'S3C2410 flash partition 4',

  .offset = SZ_1M * 10,

  .size = SZ_4M,

 },


......

 };


一般我们只需要分3-4个区,第一个为boot区,一个为boot参数区(传递给内核的参数),一个为内核区,一个为文件系统区。


而对于bootloader中只要能将内核下载到A~B区的A地址开始处就可以,C~D区的C起始地址下载文件系统。。。这些起始地址在MTD的分区信息中能找到。所以bootloader对分区的概念不重要,只要它能把内核烧到A位置,把文件系统烧到C位置。

所以,在bootloader对Flash进行操作时,哪块区域放什么是以内核为主。


而为了方便操作,bootloader类似也引入分区的概念,如,可以使用“nand write 0x3000000 kernel 200000”命令将uImage烧到kernel分区,而不必写那么长:nand write 3000000 A 200000,也就是用分区名来代替具体的地址。


这要对bootloader对内核重新分区:这需要重新设置一下bootloader环境参数,就可以同步更新内核分区信息


如:


setenv bootargs 'noinitrd console=ttySAC0 root=/dev/mtdblock3 rootfstype=jffs2


                           mtdparts=nand_flash:128k(u-boot)ro,64k(u-boot envs),3m(kernel),30m(root.jffs2),30m(root.yaffs)'


内核配置时选上Device Drivers  ---> Memory Technology Device (MTD) support  ---> Command line partition table parsing


在设置了mtdparts变量之后,就可以在nand read/write/erase命令中直接使用分区的名字而不必指定分区的偏移位置.而这需要内核MTD最好没有规划分区。


如果你是通过uboot的内核命令行给MTD层传递MTD分区信息,这种情况下,内核读取到的分区信息始终和u-boot中的保持一致(推荐的做法)


如果你是把分区信息写在内核源代码MTD里定义好的方法,那最好保证它和u-boot中的保持一致,即同步修改uboot及内核的相关部分。


 


 


2:


 


内核通过bootargs找到文件系统,bootargs中的mtdblockx即代表分区,block1,2,3代表哪个分区。


 


事实上,bootargs中的'root=/dev/mtdblockx'只是告诉内核,root fs从第x个(x=0,1,2...)MTD分区挂载,mtdblock0对应第一个分区,mtdblock1对应第二个分区,以此类推.


 


3:分区方法


 


1) MTD层的分区


 


2) 通过U-boot传递给内核的命令行中的mtdparts=...


 


3) 其他可以让内核知道分区信息的任何办法,(内核默认的命令参数)


 


下面说到mtdparts,及它的用法:


 


mtdparts


 


mtdparts=fc000000.nor_flash:1920k(linux),128k(fdt),20M(ramdisk),4M(jffs2),38272k(user),256k(env),384k(uboot)


 


要想这个参数起作用,内核中的mtd驱动必须要支持,即内核配置时需要选上Device Drivers  ---> Memory Technology Device (MTD) support  ---> Command line partition table parsing


 


 


 


mtdparts的格式如下:


 


mtdparts=[;

 


  := :[,]


 


  := [@offset][][ro]


 


   := unique id used in mapping driver/device


 


    := standard linux memsize OR '-' to denote all remaining space


 


    := (NAME)


 


因此你在使用的时候需要按照下面的格式来设置:


 


mtdparts=mtd-id:@(),@()


 


这里面有几个必须要注意的:


 


a.  mtd-id 必须要跟你当前平台的flash的mtd-id一致,不然整个mtdparts会失效 怎样获取到当前平台的flash的mtd-id?


 


在bootargs参数列表中可以指定当前flash的mtd-id,如指定 mtdids:nand0=gen_nand.1,前面的nand0则表示第一个flash


 


b.  size在设置的时候可以为实际的size(xxM,xxk,xx),也可以为'-'这表示剩余的所有空间。


 


相关信息可以查看drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c中的注释找到相关描述。


 


U-boot的环境变量值得注意的有两个: bootcmd 和bootargs。


 


引用:


 


u       bootcmd


 


    前面有说过bootcmd是自动启动时默认执行的一些命令,因此你可以在当前环境中定义各种不同配置,不同环境的参数设置,然后设置bootcmd为你经常使用的那种参数。


 


u       bootargs


 


    bootargs是环境变量中的重中之重,甚至可以说整个环境变量都是围绕着bootargs来设置的。bootargs的种类非常非常的多,我们平常只是使用了几种而已,感兴趣的可以看看这篇文章说的很全:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2011-03/33599p4.htm。bootargs非常的灵活,内核和文件系统的不同搭配就会有不同的设置方法,甚至你也可以不设置bootargs,而直接将其写到内核中去(在配置内核的选项中可以进行这样的设置),正是这些原因导致了bootargs使用上的困难。


 


    下面介绍一下bootargs常用参数,bootargs的种类非常的多,而且随着kernel的发展会出现一些新的参数,使得设置会更加灵活多样。


 


 


 


A. root


 


用来指定rootfs的位置, 常见的情况有:


 


    root=/dev/ram rw  


 


    root=/dev/ram0 rw


 


  请注意上面的这两种设置情况是通用的,我做过测试甚至root=/dev/ram1 rw和root=/dev/ram2 rw也是可以的,网上有人说在某些情况下是不通用的,即必须设置成ram或者ram0,但是目前还没有遇到,还需要进一步确认,遇到不行的时候可以逐一尝试。


 


 


 


    root=/dev/mtdx rw


 


    root=/dev/mtdblockx rw


 


    root=/dev/mtdblock/x rw


 


    root=31:0x


 


 


 


上面的这几个在一定情况下是通用的,当然这要看你当前的系统是否支持,不过mtd是字符设备,而mtdblock是块设备,有时候你的挨个的试到底当前的系统支持上面那种情况下,不过root=/dev/mtdblockx rw比较通用。此外,如果直接指定设备名可以的话,那么使用此设备的设备号也是可以的。


 


 


 


    root=/dev/nfs


 


在文件系统为基于nfs的文件系统的时候使用。当然指定root=/dev/nfs之后,还需要指定nfsroot=serverip:nfs_dir,即指明文件系统存在那个主机的那个目录下面。


 


 


B. rootfstype


 


    这个选项需要跟root一起配合使用,一般如果根文件系统是ext2的话,有没有这个选项是无所谓的,但是如果是jffs2,squashfs等文件系统的话,就需要rootfstype指明文件系统的类型,不然会无法挂载根分区.


 


 


 


C. console


 


 


 


console=tty  使用虚拟串口终端设备 .


 


console=ttyS[,options]使用特定的串口,options可以是这样的形式bbbbpnx,这里bbbb是指串口的波特率,p是奇偶校验位,n是指的bits。


 


console=ttySAC[,options]同上面。 


 


看你当前的环境,有时用ttyS,有时用ttySAC,网上有人说,这是跟内核的版本有关,2.4用ttyS,2.6用ttySAC,但实际情况是官方文档中也是使用ttyS,所以应该是跟内核版本没有关联的。可以查看Documentation/serial-console.txt找到相关描述。


 


D. mem


 


mem=xxM 指定内存的大小,不是必须的


 


 


 


E. ramdisk_size


 


ramdisk=xxxxx           不推荐  


 


ramdisk_size=xxxxx   推荐


 


上面这两个都可以告诉ramdisk 驱动,创建的ramdisk的size,默认情况下是4m(s390默认8M),你可以查看Documentation/ramdisk.txt找到相关的描述,不过ramdisk=xxxxx在新版的内核都已经没有提了,不推荐使用。


 


 


 


F. initrd, noinitrd


 


当你没有使用ramdisk启动系统的时候,你需要使用noinitrd这个参数,但是如果使用了的话,就需要指定initrd=r_addr,size, r_addr表示initrd在内存中的位置,size表示initrd的大小。


 


 


 


G. init


 


init指定的是内核启起来后,进入系统中运行的第一个脚本,一般init=/linuxrc, 或者init=/etc/preinit,preinit的内容一般是创建console,null设备节点,运行init程序,挂载一些文件系统等等操作。请注意,很多初学者以为init=/linuxrc是固定写法,其实不然,/linuxrc指的是/目录下面的linuxrc脚本,一般是一个连接罢了。


 


 


 


H. ip


 


指定系统启动之后网卡的ip地址,如果你使用基于nfs的文件系统,那么必须要有这个参数,其他的情况下就看你自己的喜好了。设置ip有两种方法:


 


 ip = ip addr


 


 ip=ip addr:server ip addr:gateway:netmask::which netcard:off


 


这两种方法可以用,不过很明显第二种要详细很多,请注意第二种中which netcard 是指开发板上的网卡,而不是主机上的网卡。


 


 


 


说完常见的几种bootargs,那么我们来讨论平常我经常使用的几种组合:


 


1). 假设文件系统是ramdisk,且直接就在内存中,bootargs的设置应该如下:


 


setenv bootargs ‘initrd=0x32000000,0xa00000 root=/dev/ram0 console=ttySAC0 mem=64M init=/linuxrc’


 


 


 


2). 假设文件系统是ramdisk,且在flash中,bootargs的设置应该如下:


 


setenv bootargs ‘mem=32M console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/ram rw init=/linuxrc’


 


注意这种情况下你应该要在bootm命令中指定ramdisk在flash中的地址,如bootm kernel_addr ramdisk_addr (fdt_addr)


 


 


 


3). 假设文件系统是jffs2类型的,且在flash中,bootargs的设置应该如下


 


setenv bootargs ‘mem=32M console=ttyS0,115200 noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock2 rw rootfstype=jffs2 init=/linuxrc’


 


 


 


4). 假设文件系统是基于nfs的,bootargs的设置应该如下


 


setenv bootargs ‘noinitrd mem=64M console=ttySAC0 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.0.3:/nfs ip=192.168.0.5:192.168.0.3:192.168.0.3:255.255.255.0::eth0:off’


 


或者


setenv bootargs ‘noinitrd mem=64M console=ttySAC0 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.0.3:/nfs ip=192.168.0.5


 


 


 


linux kernel boot arguments


The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented (mostly) by the __setup() macro and sorted into English Dictionary order (defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.


Module parameters for loadable modules are specified only as the parameter name with optional '=' and value as appropriate, such as:


modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1


Module parameters for modules that are built into the kernel image are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus '.' plus parameter name, with '=' and value if appropriate, such as:


usbcore.blinkenlights=1


The text in square brackets at the beginning of the description states the restrictions on the kernel for the said kernel parameter to be valid. The restrictions referred to are that the relevant option is valid if:


        ACPI    ACPI support is enabled.

        ALSA    ALSA sound support is enabled.

        APIC    APIC support is enabled.

        APM     Advanced Power Management support is enabled.

        AX25    Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.

        CD      Appropriate CD support is enabled.

        DEVFS   devfs support is enabled.

        DRM     Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.

        EDD     BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled

        EFI     EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled

        EIDE    EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.

        FB      The frame buffer device is enabled.

        HW      Appropriate hardware is enabled.

        IA-32   IA-32 aka i386 architecture is enabled.

        IA-64   IA-64 architecture is enabled.

        IOSCHED More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.

        IP_PNP  IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.

        ISAPNP  ISA PnP code is enabled.

        ISDN    Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.

        JOY     Appropriate joystick support is enabled.

        LP      Printer support is enabled.

        LOOP    Loopback device support is enabled.

        M68k    M68k architecture is enabled.

                        These options have more detailed description inside of

                        Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.

        MCA     MCA bus support is enabled.

        MDA     MDA console support is enabled.

        MOUSE   Appropriate mouse support is enabled.

        MTD     MTD support is enabled.

        NET     Appropriate network support is enabled.

        NUMA    NUMA support is enabled.

        NFS     Appropriate NFS support is enabled.

        OSS     OSS sound support is enabled.

        PARIDE  The ParIDE subsystem is enabled.

        PARISC  The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.

        PCI     PCI bus support is enabled.

        PCMCIA  The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.

        PNP     Plug & Play support is enabled.

        PPC     PowerPC architecture is enabled.

        PPT     Parallel port support is enabled.

        PS2     Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.

        RAM     RAM disk support is enabled.

        S390    S390 architecture is enabled.

        SCSI    Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.

                        A lot of drivers has their options described inside of

                        Documentation/scsi/.

        SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.

        SERIAL  Serial support is enabled.

        SMP     The kernel is an SMP kernel.

        SPARC   Sparc architecture is enabled.

        SWSUSP  Software suspend is enabled.

        TS      Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.

        USB     USB support is enabled.

        USBHID  USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.

        V4L     Video For Linux support is enabled.

        VGA     The VGA console has been enabled.

        VT      Virtual terminal support is enabled.

        WDT     Watchdog support is enabled.

        XT      IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.

        X86-64  X86-64 architecture is enabled.

                        More X86-64 boot options can be found in

                        Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt .

In addition, the following text indicates that the option:


        BUGS=   Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.

        KNL     Is a kernel start-up parameter.

        BOOT    Is a boot loader parameter.

Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly. Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme need or coordination with .


Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs running once the system is up.


        53c7xx=         [HW,SCSI] Amiga SCSI controllers

                        See header of drivers/scsi/53c7xx.c.

                        See also Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt.


        acpi=           [HW,ACPI] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

                        Format: { force | off | ht | strict | noirq }

                        force -- enable ACPI if default was off

                        off -- disable ACPI if default was on

                        noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing

                        ht -- run only enough ACPI to enable Hyper Threading

                        strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not

                                strictly ACPI specification compliant.


                        See also Documentation/pm.txt, pci=noacpi


        acpi_sleep=     [HW,ACPI] Sleep options

                        Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode }

                        See Documentation/power/video.txt


        acpi_sci=       [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode

                        Format: { level | edge | high | low }


        acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]

                        ACPI will balance active IRQs

                        default in APIC mode


        acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]

                        ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)

                        default in PIC mode


        acpi_irq_pci=   [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for

                        use by PCI

                        Format: ,...


        acpi_irq_isa=   [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA

                        Format: ,...


        acpi_osi=       [HW,ACPI] empty param disables _OSI


        acpi_serialize  [HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods


        acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]

                        Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.

                        For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.


        acpi_dbg_layer= [HW,ACPI]

                        Format:

                        Each bit of the indicates an ACPI debug layer,

                        1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time

                        debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set

                        via /proc/acpi/debug_layer.


        acpi_dbg_level= [HW,ACPI]

                        Format:

                        Each bit of the indicates an ACPI debug level,

                        1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time

                        debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set

                        via /proc/acpi/debug_level.


        acpi_fake_ecdt  [HW,ACPI] Workaround failure due to BIOS lacking ECDT


        acpi_generic_hotkey [HW,ACPI]

                        Allow consolidated generic hotkey driver to

                        override platform specific driver.

                        See also Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt.


        enable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]

                        Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer

                        Can be useful to work around chipset bugs

                        (in particular on some ATI chipsets).

                        The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.


        disable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]

                        Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer

                        Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.


        ad1816=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,

                        See also Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816.


        ad1848=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,,


        adlib=          [HW,OSS]

                        Format:


        advansys=       [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/advansys.c.


        advwdt=         [HW,WDT] Advantech WDT

                        Format: ,


        aedsp16=        [HW,OSS] Audio Excel DSP 16

                        Format: ,,,,,

                        See also header of sound/oss/aedsp16.c.


        aha152x=        [HW,SCSI]

                        See Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt.


        aha1542=        [HW,SCSI]

                        Format: [,,[,]]


        aic7xxx=        [HW,SCSI]

                        See Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx.txt.


        aic79xx=        [HW,SCSI]

                        See Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt.


        amijoy.map=     [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support

                        Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT

                        Format: ,

                        See also Documentation/kernel/input/joystick.txt


        analog.map=     [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support

                        Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick

                        connected to one of 16 gameports

                        Format: ,,..


        apc=            [HW,SPARC]

                        Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)

                        Format: noidle

                        Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does

                        not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have

                        APC and your system crashes randomly.


        apic=           [APIC,i386] Change the output verbosity whilst booting

                        Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }

                        Change the amount of debugging information output

                        when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.


        apm=            [APM] Advanced Power Management

                        See header of arch/i386/kernel/apm.c.


        applicom=       [HW]

                        Format: ,


        arcrimi=        [HW,NET] ARCnet - 'RIM I' (entirely mem-mapped) cards

                        Format: ,,


        ataflop=        [HW,M68k]


        atarimouse=     [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse


        atascsi=        [HW,SCSI] Atari SCSI


        atkbd.extra=    [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,

                        EzKey and similar keyboards


        atkbd.reset=    [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization


        atkbd.set=      [HW] Select keyboard code set

                        Format: (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)


        atkbd.scroll=   [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar

                        keyboards


        atkbd.softraw=  [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode

                        Format: (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))


        atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]

                        Use software keyboard repeat


        autotest        [IA64]


        awe=            [HW,OSS] AWE32/SB32/AWE64 wave table synth

                        Format: ,,


        aztcd=          [HW,CD] Aztech CD268 CDROM driver

                        Format: ,0x79 (?)


        baycom_epp=     [HW,AX25]

                        Format: ,


        baycom_par=     [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem

                        Format: ,

                        See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.


        baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]

                        BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)

                        Format: ,,[,]

                        See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.


        baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]

                        BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)

                        Format: ,,

                        See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.


        blkmtd_device=  [HW,MTD]

        blkmtd_erasesz=

        blkmtd_ro=

        blkmtd_bs=

        blkmtd_count=


        bttv.card=      [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)

        bttv.radio=     Most important insmod options are available as

                        kernel args too.

        bttv.pll=       See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options

        bttv.tuner=     and Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CARDLIST


        BusLogic=       [HW,SCSI]

                        See drivers/scsi/BusLogic.c, comment before function

                        BusLogic_ParseDriverOptions().


        c101=           [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card


        cachesize=      [BUGS=IA-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.

                        Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache

                        size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds

                        to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not

                        possible to determine what the correct size should be.

                        This option provides an override for these situations.


        cdu31a=         [HW,CD]

                        Format: ,[,PAS]

                        See header of drivers/cdrom/cdu31a.c.


        chandev=        [HW,NET] Generic channel device initialisation


        checkreqprot    [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.

                        Format: { '0' | '1' }

                        See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.

                        0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes

                                any implied execute protection).

                        1 -- check protection requested by application.

                        Default value is set via a kernel config option.

                        Value can be changed at runtime via

                                /selinux/checkreqprot.


        clock=          [BUGS=IA-32,HW] gettimeofday timesource override.

                        Forces specified timesource (if avaliable) to be used

                        when calculating gettimeofday(). If specicified

                        timesource is not avalible, it defaults to PIT.

                        Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }


        hpet=           [IA-32,HPET] option to disable HPET and use PIT.

                        Format: disable


        cm206=          [HW,CD]

                        Format: { auto | [,][] }


        com20020=       [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset

                        Format:

                        [,[,[,[,[,]]]]]


        com90io=        [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)

                        Format: [,]


        com90xx=        [HW,NET]

                        ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)

                        Format: [,[,]]


        condev=         [HW,S390] console device

        conmode=


        console=        [KNL] Output console device and options.


                tty  Use the virtual console device .


                ttyS[,options]

                        Use the specified serial port.  The options are of

                        the form 'bbbbpn', where 'bbbb' is the baud rate,

                        'p' is parity ('n', 'o', or 'e'), and 'n' is bits.

                        Default is '9600n8'.


                        See also Documentation/serial-console.txt.


                uart,io,[,options]

                uart,mmio,[,options]

                        Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550

                        UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,

                        switching to the matching ttyS device later.  The

                        options are the same as for ttyS, above.


        cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver

                        Format:

                        ,,,[,]


        cpia_pp=        [HW,PPT]

                        Format: { parport | auto | none }


        crashkernel=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]

                        [KNL] Reserve a chunk of physical memory to

                        hold a kernel to switch to with kexec on panic.


        cs4232=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,,,


        cs89x0_dma=     [HW,NET]

                        Format:


        cs89x0_media=   [HW,NET]

                        Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }


        cyclades=       [HW,SERIAL] Cyclades multi-serial port adapter.


        dasd=           [HW,NET]

                        See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.


        db9.dev[2|3]=   [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port

                        (one device per port)

                        Format: ,

                        See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt


        debug           [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).


        decnet=         [HW,NET]

                        Format: [,]

                        See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.


        devfs=          [DEVFS]

                        See Documentation/filesystems/devfs/boot-options.


        dhash_entries=  [KNL]

                        Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.


        digi=           [HW,SERIAL]

                        IO parameters + enable/disable command.


        digiepca=       [HW,SERIAL]

                        See drivers/char/README.epca and

                        Documentation/digiepca.txt.


        dmascc=         [HW,AX25,SERIAL] AX.25 Z80SCC driver with DMA

                        support available.

                        Format: [,[,..]]


        dmasound=       [HW,OSS] Sound subsystem buffers


        dscc4.setup=    [NET]


        dtc3181e=       [HW,SCSI]


        earlyprintk=    [IA-32,X86-64]

                        earlyprintk=vga

                        earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]


                        Append ',keep' to not disable it when the real console

                        takes over.


                        Only vga or serial at a time, not both.


                        Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.


                        Interaction with the standard serial driver is not

                        very good.


                        The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real

                        console.


        eata=           [HW,SCSI]


        eda=            [HW,PS2]


        edb=            [HW,PS2]


        edd=            [EDD]

                        Format: {'of[f]' | 'sk[ipmbr]'}

                        See comment in arch/i386/boot/edd.S


        eicon=          [HW,ISDN]

                        Format: ,,


        eisa_irq_edge=  [PARISC,HW]

                        See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.


        elanfreq=       [IA-32]

                        See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in

                        arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.


        elevator=       [IOSCHED]

                        Format: {'as' | 'cfq' | 'deadline' | 'noop'}

                        See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt and

                        Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.


        elfcorehdr=     [IA-32]

                        Specifies physical address of start of kernel core

                        image elf header.

                        See Documentation/kdump.txt for details.


        enforcing       [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.

                        Format: {'0' | '1'}

                        See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.

                        0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).

                        1 -- enforcing (deny and log).

                        Default value is 0.

                        Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.


        es1370=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: [,]

                        See also header of sound/oss/es1370.c.


        es1371=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,[,[]]

                        See also header of sound/oss/es1371.c.


        ether=          [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters

                        This option is obsoleted by the 'netdev=' option, which

                        has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.


        eurwdt=         [HW,WDT] Eurotech CPU-1220/1410 onboard watchdog.

                        Format: [,]


        fd_mcs=         [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/fd_mcs.c.


        fdomain=        [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/fdomain.c.


        floppy=         [HW]

                        See Documentation/floppy.txt.


        ftape=          [HW] Floppy Tape subsystem debugging options.

                        See Documentation/ftape.txt.


        gamecon.map[2|3]=

                        [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad

                        support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)

                        Format: ,,,,,

                        See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt


        gamma=          [HW,DRM]


        gdth=           [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/gdth.c.


        gpt             [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but

                        invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT.


        gscd=           [HW,CD]

                        Format:


        gt96100eth=     [NET] MIPS GT96100 Advanced Communication Controller


        gus=            [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,


        gvp11=          [HW,SCSI]


        hashdist=       [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot

                        are distributed across NUMA nodes.  Defaults on

                        for IA-64, off otherwise.

                        Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)


        hcl=            [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer


        hd=             [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry

                        Format: ,,


        hd?=            [HW] (E)IDE subsystem

        hd?lun=         See Documentation/ide.txt.


        highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact

                        size of . This works even on boxes that have no

                        highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem

                        size on bigger boxes.


        hisax=          [HW,ISDN]

                        See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.


        hugepages=      [HW,IA-32,IA-64] Maximal number of HugeTLB pages.


        noirqbalance    [IA-32,SMP,KNL] Disable kernel irq balancing


        i8042.direct    [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode

        i8042.dumbkbd   [HW] Pretend that controlled can only read data from

                             keyboard and can not control its state

                             (Don't attempt to blink the leds)

        i8042.noaux     [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port

        i8042.nokbd     [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port

        i8042.nomux     [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing

                             controller

        i8042.nopnp     [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX

                             controllers

        i8042.panicblink=

                        [HW] Frequency with which keyboard LEDs should blink

                             when kernel panics (default is 0.5 sec)

        i8042.reset     [HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup

        i8042.unlock    [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock


        i810=           [HW,DRM]


        i8k.ignore_dmi  [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data

                        indicates that the driver is running on unsupported

                        hardware.

        i8k.force       [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature

                        does not match list of supported models.

        i8k.power_status

                        [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k

                        (disabled by default)

        i8k.restricted  [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN

                        capability is set.


        ibmmcascsi=     [HW,MCA,SCSI] IBM MicroChannel SCSI adapter

                        See Documentation/mca.txt.


        icn=            [HW,ISDN]

                        Format: [,[,[,]]]


        ide=            [HW] (E)IDE subsystem

                        Format: ide=nodma or ide=doubler or ide=reverse

                        See Documentation/ide.txt.


        ide?=           [HW] (E)IDE subsystem

                        Format: ide?=noprobe or chipset specific parameters.

                        See Documentation/ide.txt.


        idebus=         [HW] (E)IDE subsystem - VLB/PCI bus speed

                        See Documentation/ide.txt.


        idle=           [HW]

                        Format: idle=poll or idle=halt


        ihash_entries=  [KNL]

                        Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.


        in2000=         [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/in2000.c.


        init=           [KNL]

                        Format:

                        Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init

                        process.


        initcall_debug  [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed.  Useful

                        for working out where the kernel is dying during

                        startup.


        initrd=         [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk


        inport.irq=     [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver

                        Format:


        inttest=        [IA64]


        io7=            [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems

                        See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in

                        arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.


        ip=             [IP_PNP]

                        See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.


        ip2=            [HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards

                        See comment before ip2_setup() in drivers/char/ip2.c.


        ips=            [HW,SCSI] Adaptec / IBM ServeRAID controller

                        See header of drivers/scsi/ips.c.


        irqfixup        [HW]

                        When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers

                        for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken

                        firmware running.


        irqpoll         [HW]

                        When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers

                        for it. Also check all handlers each timer

                        interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken

                        firmware running.


        isapnp=         [ISAPNP]

                        Format: ,,,


        isolcpus=       [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.

                        Format: ,...,

                        This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs

                        to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling

                        algorithms. The only way to move a process onto or off

                        an 'isolated' CPU is via the CPU affinity syscalls.

                        begins at 0 and the maximum value is

                        'number of CPUs in system - 1'.


                        This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The

                        alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all

                        tasks in the system -- can cause problems and

                        suboptimal load balancer performance.


        isp16=          [HW,CD]

                        Format: ,,,


        iucv=           [HW,NET]


        js=             [HW,JOY] Analog joystick

                        See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.


        keepinitrd      [HW,ARM]


        kstack=N        [IA-32,X86-64] Print N words from the kernel stack

                        in oops dumps.


        l2cr=           [PPC]


        lapic           [IA-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS

                        disabled it.


        lasi=           [HW,SCSI] PARISC LASI driver for the 53c700 chip

                        Format: addr:,irq:


        llsc*=          [IA64] See function print_params() in

                        arch/ia64/sn/kernel/llsc4.c.


        load_ramdisk=   [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy

                        See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.


        lockd.udpport=  [NFS]


        lockd.tcpport=  [NFS]


        logibm.irq=     [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver

                        Format:


        loglevel=       All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the

                        console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can

                        also be changed with klogd or other programs. The

                        loglevels are defined as follows:


                        0 (KERN_EMERG)          system is unusable

                        1 (KERN_ALERT)          action must be taken immediately

                        2 (KERN_CRIT)           critical conditions

                        3 (KERN_ERR)            error conditions

                        4 (KERN_WARNING)        warning conditions

                        5 (KERN_NOTICE)         normal but significant condition

                        6 (KERN_INFO)           informational

                        7 (KERN_DEBUG)          debug-level messages


        log_buf_len=n   Sets the size of the printk ring buffer, in bytes.

                        Format: { n | nk | nM }

                        n must be a power of two.  The default size

                        is set in the kernel config file.


        lp=0            [LP]    Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,

        lp=port[,port...]       lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses

        lp=reset                first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the

        lp=auto                 printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be

                                specified in addition to the ports) causes

                                attached printers to be reset. Using

                                lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports

                                to associate lp devices with, starting with

                                lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip

                                that lp device, or a parport name such as

                                'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a

                                port specification list means that device IDs

                                from each port should be examined, to see if

                                an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if

                                so, the driver will manage that printer.

                                See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.


        lpj=n           [KNL]

                        Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding

                        time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per

                        CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine

                        the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal

                        autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that

                        on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,

                        which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need

                        significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value

                        will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to

                        unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although

                        unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your

                        hardware.


        ltpc=           [NET]

                        Format: ,,


        mac5380=        [HW,SCSI] Format:

                        ,,,,


        mac53c9x=       [HW,SCSI] Format:

                        ,,,,,,,


        machvec=        [IA64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector

                        (machvec) in a generic kernel.

                        Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb


        mad16=          [HW,OSS] Format:

                        ,,,,,,


        maui=           [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,


        max_loop=       [LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can

                        be mounted

                        Format: <1-256>


        maxcpus=        [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel

                        should make use of


        max_addr=[KMG]  [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater than or

                        equal to this physical address is ignored.


        max_luns=       [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe.

                        Should be between 1 and 2^32-1.


        max_report_luns=

                        [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs received.

                        Should be between 1 and 16384.


        mca-pentium     [BUGS=IA-32]


        mcatest=        [IA-64]


        mcd=            [HW,CD]

                        Format: ,,


        mcdx=           [HW,CD]


        mce             [IA-32] Machine Check Exception


        md=             [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level

                        See Documentation/md.txt.


        mdacon=         [MDA]

                        Format: ,

                        Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.


        mem=nn[KMG]     [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory

                        Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able

                        to see the whole system memory or for test.

                        [IA-32] Use together with memmap= to avoid physical

                        address space collisions. Without memmap= PCI devices

                        could be placed at addresses belonging to unused RAM.


        mem=nopentium   [BUGS=IA-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel

                        memory.


        memmap=exactmap [KNL,IA-32] Enable setting of an exact

                        E820 memory map, as specified by the user.

                        Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on

                        BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss

                        option description.


        memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]

                        [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory

                        Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.


        memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]

                        [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.

                        Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.


        memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]

                        [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.

                        Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.


        meye.*=         [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters

                        See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.


        mga=            [HW,DRM]


        mousedev.tap_time=

                        [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and

                        leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered

                        a tap and be reported as a left button click (for

                        touchpads working in absolute mode only).

                        Format:

        mousedev.xres=  [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices

                        reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets

        mousedev.yres=  [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices

                        reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets


        mpu401=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,


        MTD_Partition=  [MTD]

                        Format: ,,,


        MTD_Region=     [MTD] Format:

                        ,[,,,,]


        mtdparts=       [MTD]

                        See drivers/mtd/cmdline.c.


        mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=

                        [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates

                        ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')


        n2=             [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card


        NCR_D700=       [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/NCR_D700.c.


        ncr5380=        [HW,SCSI]


        ncr53c400=      [HW,SCSI]


        ncr53c400a=     [HW,SCSI]


        ncr53c406a=     [HW,SCSI]


        ncr53c8xx=      [HW,SCSI]


        netdev=         [NET] Network devices parameters

                        Format: ,,,,

                        Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean

                        something different and driver-specific.

                        This usage is only documented in each driver source

                        file if at all.


        nfsaddrs=       [NFS]

                        See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.


        nfsroot=        [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.

                        See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.


        nmi_watchdog=   [KNL,BUGS=IA-32] Debugging features for SMP kernels


        no387           [BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths

                        emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor

                        is present.


        noalign         [KNL,ARM]


        noapic          [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any

                        IOAPICs that may be present in the system.


        noasync         [HW,M68K] Disables async and sync negotiation for

                        all devices.


        nobats          [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem

                        on 'Classic' PPC cores.


        nocache         [ARM]


        nodisconnect    [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.


        noexec          [IA-64]


        noexec          [IA-32,X86-64]

                        noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)

                        noexec=off: disable nn-executable mappings


        nofxsr          [BUGS=IA-32]


        nohlt           [BUGS=ARM]


        no-hlt          [BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel that the hlt

                        instruction doesn't work correctly and not to

                        use it.


        nohalt          [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving

                        function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases

                        power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces

                        interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance

                        in certain environments such as networked servers or

                        real-time systems.


        noirqdebug      [IA-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and

                        disable unhandled interrupt sources.


        noisapnp        [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.


        noinitrd        [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured

                        initial RAM disk.


        nointroute      [IA-64]


        nolapic         [IA-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.


        noltlbs         [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel

                        lowmem mapping on PPC40x.


        nomce           [IA-32] Machine Check Exception


        noresidual      [PPC] Don't use residual data on PReP machines.


        noresume        [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap

                        space.


        no-scroll       [VGA] Disables scrollback.

                        This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille

                        reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).


        nosbagart       [IA-64]


        nosmp           [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel.


        nosync          [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.


        notsc           [BUGS=IA-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter


        nousb           [USB] Disable the USB subsystem


        nowb            [ARM]


        opl3=           [HW,OSS]

                        Format:


        opl3sa=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,,,


        opl3sa2=        [HW,OSS] Format:

                        ,,,,,,,[,,

        oprofile.timer= [HW]

                        Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters


        optcd=          [HW,CD]

                        Format:


        osst=           [HW,SCSI] SCSI Tape Driver

                        Format: ,

                        See also Documentation/scsi/st.txt.


        panic=          [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic

                        Format:


        parkbd.port=    [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is

                        connected to, default is 0.

                        Format:

        parkbd.mode=    [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,

                        0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).

                        Format:


        parport=        [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.

                        Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }

                        Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any

                        IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to

                        ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of

                        possible conflicts). You can specify the base

                        address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA

                        should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected

                        settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'

                        (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).

                        Parallel ports are assigned in the order they

                        are specified on the command line, starting

                        with parport0.


        parport_init_mode=      [HW,PPT]

                        Configure VIA parallel port to operate in

                        a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos

                        computer where firmware has no options for setting

                        up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.

                        Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.

                        Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]


        pas2=           [HW,OSS] Format:

                        ,,,,,,,


        pas16=          [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/pas16.c.


        pcbit=          [HW,ISDN]


        pcd.            [PARIDE]

                        See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.

                        See also Documentation/paride.txt.


        pci=option[,option...]  [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:

                off             [IA-32] don't probe for the PCI bus

                bios            [IA-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access

                                the hardware directly. Use this if your machine

                                has a non-standard PCI host bridge.

                nobios          [IA-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct

                                hardware access methods are allowed. Use this

                                if you experience crashes upon bootup and you

                                suspect they are caused by the BIOS.

                conf1           [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration

                                Mechanism 1.

                conf2           [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration

                                Mechanism 2.

                nosort          [IA-32] Don't sort PCI devices according to

                                order given by the PCI BIOS. This sorting is

                                done to get a device order compatible with

                                older kernels.

                biosirq         [IA-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt

                                routing table. These calls are known to be buggy

                                on several machines and they hang the machine

                                when used, but on other computers it's the only

                                way to get the interrupt routing table. Try

                                this option if the kernel is unable to allocate

                                IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your

                                motherboard.

                rom             [IA-32] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.

                                Use with caution as certain devices share

                                address decoders between ROMs and other

                                resources.

                irqmask=0xMMMM  [IA-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be

                                assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can

                                make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards

                                this way.

                pirqaddr=0xAAAAA        [IA-32] Specify the physical address

                                of the PIRQ table (normally generated

                                by the BIOS) if it is outside the

                                F0000h-100000h range.

                lastbus=N       [IA-32] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be

                                useful if the kernel is unable to find your

                                secondary buses and you want to tell it

                                explicitly which ones they are.

                assign-busses   [IA-32] Always assign all PCI bus

                                numbers ourselves, overriding

                                whatever the firmware may have done.

                usepirqmask     [IA-32] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored

                                in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on

                                some systems with broken BIOSes, notably

                                some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3

                                notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI

                                IRQ routing is enabled.

                noacpi          [IA-32] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing

                                or for PCI scanning.

                routeirq        Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.

                                This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),

                                so this option is a temporary workaround

                                for broken drivers that don't call it.

                firmware        [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead

                                just use the configuration from the

                                bootloader. This is currently used on

                                IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be

                                configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.


        pcmv=           [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4


        pd.             [PARIDE]

                        See Documentation/paride.txt.


        pdcchassis=     [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at

                        boot time.

                        Format: { 0 | 1 }

                        See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c


        pf.             [PARIDE]

                        See Documentation/paride.txt.


        pg.             [PARIDE]

                        See Documentation/paride.txt.


        pirq=           [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup

                        See Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt.


        plip=           [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link

                        Format: { parport | timid | 0 }

                        See also Documentation/parport.txt.


        pnpacpi=        [ACPI]

                        { off }


        pnpbios=        [ISAPNP]

                        { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }


        pnp_reserve_irq=

                        [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration


        pnp_reserve_dma=

                        [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration


        pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration

                        Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).


        pnp_reserve_mem=

                        [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the

                        autoconfiguration.

                        Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).


        profile=        [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile

                        Format: [schedule,]

                        Param: 'schedule' - profile schedule points.

                        Param: - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for

                                statistical time based profiling.


        processor.max_cstate=   [HW,ACPI]

                        Limit processor to maximum C-state

                        max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.


        prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk

                        before loading.

                        See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.


        psmouse.proto=  [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to

                        probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).

        psmouse.rate=   [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports

                        per second.

        psmouse.resetafter=     [HW,MOUSE]

                        Try to reset the device after so many bad packets

                        (0 = never).

        psmouse.resolution=

                        [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.

        psmouse.smartscroll=

                        [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.

                        0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).


        pss=            [HW,OSS] Personal Sound System (ECHO ESC614)

                        Format:

                        ,,,,,


        pt.             [PARIDE]

                        See Documentation/paride.txt.


        quiet=          [KNL] Disable log messages


        r128=           [HW,DRM]


        raid=           [HW,RAID]

                        See Documentation/md.txt.


        ramdisk=        [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes [deprecated]

                        See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.


        ramdisk_blocksize=      [RAM]

                        See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.


        ramdisk_size=   [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes

                        New name for the ramdisk parameter.

                        See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.


        rdinit=         [KNL]

                        Format:

                        Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,

                        used for early userspace startup. See initrd.


        reboot=         [BUGS=IA-32,BUGS=ARM,BUGS=IA-64] Rebooting mode

                        Format: [,[,...]]

                        See arch/*/kernel/reboot.c.


        reserve=        [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area


        resume=         [SWSUSP]

                        Specify the partition device for software suspend


        rhash_entries=  [KNL,NET]

                        Set number of hash buckets for route cache


        riscom8=        [HW,SERIAL]

                        Format: [,[,...]]


        ro              [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot


        root=           [KNL] Root filesystem


        rootdelay=      [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to

                        mount the root filesystem


        rootflags=      [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string


        rootfstype=     [KNL] Set root filesystem type


        rw              [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot


        S               [KNL] Run init in single mode


        sa1100ir        [NET]

                        See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.


        sb=             [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,


        sbni=           [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter


        sbpcd=          [HW,CD] Soundblaster CD adapter

                        Format: ,

                        See a comment before function sbpcd_setup() in

                        drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.c.


        sc1200wdt=      [HW,WDT] SC1200 WDT (watchdog) driver

                        Format: [,[,]]


        scsi_debug_*=   [SCSI]

                        See drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c.


        scsi_default_dev_flags=

                        [SCSI] SCSI default device flags

                        Format:


        scsi_dev_flags= [SCSI] Black/white list entry for vendor and model

                        Format: ::

                        (flags are integer value)


        scsi_logging=   [SCSI]


        selinux         [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.

                        Format: { '0' | '1' }

                        See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.

                        0 -- disable.

                        1 -- enable.

                        Default value is set via kernel config option.

                        If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used

                        later to disable prior to initial policy load.


        serialnumber    [BUGS=IA-32]


        sg_def_reserved_size=   [SCSI]


        sgalaxy=        [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,,


        shapers=        [NET]

                        Maximal number of shapers.


        sim710=         [SCSI,HW]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/sim710.c.


        simeth=         [IA-64]

        simscsi=


        sjcd=           [HW,CD]

                        Format: ,,

                        See header of drivers/cdrom/sjcd.c.


        slram=          [HW,MTD]


        smart2=         [HW]

                        Format: [,[,...,]]


        snd-ad1816a=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-ad1848=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-ali5451=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-als100=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-als4000=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-azt2320=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cmi8330=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cmipci=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cs4231=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cs4232=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cs4236=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cs4281=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-cs46xx=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-dt019x=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-dummy=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-emu10k1=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-ens1370=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-ens1371=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-es968=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-es1688=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-es18xx=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-es1938=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-es1968=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-fm801=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-gusclassic= [HW,ALSA]


        snd-gusextreme= [HW,ALSA]


        snd-gusmax=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-hdsp=       [HW,ALSA]


        snd-ice1712=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-intel8x0=   [HW,ALSA]


        snd-interwave=  [HW,ALSA]


        snd-interwave-stb=

                        [HW,ALSA]


        snd-korg1212=   [HW,ALSA]


        snd-maestro3=   [HW,ALSA]


        snd-mpu401=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-mtpav=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-nm256=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-opl3sa2=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-opti92x-ad1848=

                        [HW,ALSA]


        snd-opti92x-cs4231=

                        [HW,ALSA]


        snd-opti93x=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-pmac=       [HW,ALSA]


        snd-rme32=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-rme96=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-rme9652=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sb8=        [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sb16=       [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sbawe=      [HW,ALSA]


        snd-serial=     [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sgalaxy=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sonicvibes= [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sun-amd7930=

                        [HW,ALSA]


        snd-sun-cs4231= [HW,ALSA]


        snd-trident=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-usb-audio=  [HW,ALSA,USB]


        snd-via82xx=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-virmidi=    [HW,ALSA]


        snd-wavefront=  [HW,ALSA]


        snd-ymfpci=     [HW,ALSA]


        sonicvibes=     [HW,OSS]

                        Format:


        sonycd535=      [HW,CD]

                        Format: [,]


        sonypi.*=       [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver

                        See Documentation/sonypi.txt


        specialix=      [HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter

                        See Documentation/specialix.txt.


        spia_io_base=   [HW,MTD]

        spia_fio_base=

        spia_pedr=

        spia_peddr=


        sscape=         [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,,


        st=             [HW,SCSI] SCSI tape parameters (buffers, etc.)

                        See Documentation/scsi/st.txt.


        st0x=           [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/seagate.c.


        sti=            [PARISC,HW]

                        Format:

                        Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC

                        machines) console (graphic card) which should be used

                        as the initial boot-console.

                        See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.


        sti_font=       [HW]

                        See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.


        stifb=          [HW]

                        Format: bpp:[:[:...]]


        swiotlb=        [IA-64] Number of I/O TLB slabs


        switches=       [HW,M68k]


        sym53c416=      [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/sym53c416.c.


        t128=           [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/t128.c.


        tdfx=           [HW,DRM]


        thash_entries=  [KNL,NET]

                        Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection


        time            Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line


        tipar.timeout=  [HW,PPT]

                        Set communications timeout in tenths of a second

                        (default 15).


        tipar.delay=    [HW,PPT]

                        Set inter-bit delay in microseconds (default 10).


        tmc8xx=         [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/seagate.c.


        tmscsim=        [HW,SCSI]

                        See comment before function dc390_setup() in

                        drivers/scsi/tmscsim.c.


        tp720=          [HW,PS2]


        trix=           [HW,OSS] MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro

                        Format:

                        ,,,,,,,,


        tsdev.xres=     [TS] Horizontal screen resolution.

        tsdev.yres=     [TS] Vertical screen resolution.


        turbografx.map[2|3]=    [HW,JOY]

                        TurboGraFX parallel port interface

                        Format:

                        ,,,,,,,

                        See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt


        u14-34f=        [HW,SCSI] UltraStor 14F/34F SCSI host adapter

                        See header of drivers/scsi/u14-34f.c.


        uart401=        [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,


        uart6850=       [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,


        usbhid.mousepoll=

                        [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.


        video=          [FB] Frame buffer configuration

                        See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.


        vga=            [BOOT,IA-32] Select a particular video mode

                        See Documentation/i386/boot.txt and

                        Documentation/svga.txt.

                        Use vga=ask for menu.

                        This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is

                        passed to the kernel using a special protocol.


        vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact

                        size of . This can be used to increase the

                        minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to

                        decrease the size and leave more room for directly

                        mapped kernel RAM.


        vmhalt=         [KNL,S390]


        vmpoff=         [KNL,S390]


        waveartist=     [HW,OSS]

                        Format: ,,,


        wd33c93=        [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c.


        wd7000=         [HW,SCSI]

                        See header of drivers/scsi/wd7000.c.


        wdt=            [WDT] Watchdog

                        See Documentation/watchdog/watchdog.txt.


        xd=             [HW,XT] Original XT pre-IDE (RLL encoded) disks.

        xd_geo=         See header of drivers/block/xd.c.


        xirc2ps_cs=     [NET,PCMCIA]

                        Format:

                        ,,,,,[,

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